History of inequality:
Segregation:
Segregation is the action of setting someone apart from other people or things.
Even after the abolition of slavery, colored people still did not receive the advantages of white people regardless of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The Supreme Court handed down a series of rulings from 1873 to 1883 that they virtually nullified the amendments.
According to a criminal code in 1846 that was in Virginia, if a white person was found to be associating with a colored person for the purpose to teach them to read or write would be imprisoned. There were special colored schools and no matter how far the distance you had to go to a colored school even though other schools may be closer. There was also segregation in schools, public restrooms, churches, transportation, and in any other public facility. The NAACP came into the picture and began to change how colored people were being treated. Then the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, brought in the term "separate but equal". All colored facilities were much below the standards of any white facilities and things were far below "equal".
Jim Crow Laws:
Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens, white men were always superior. Some of the Jim Crow laws were:
1. A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a white male because it implied being socially equal.
2. Obviously, a black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a white woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
3. Blacks and whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
4. Under no circumstance was a black male to offer to light the cigarette of a white female -- that gesture implied intimacy.
5. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended whites.
6. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that blacks were introduced to whites, never whites to blacks.
7. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names.
8. If a black person rode in a car driven by a white person, the black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
9. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
Stetson Kennedy, the author of "Jim Crow Guide" offered a few rules that colored people should always follow:
1. Never assert or even intimate that a white person is lying.
2. Never impute dishonorable intentions to a white person.
3. Never suggest that a white person is from an inferior class.
4. Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence.
5. Never curse a white person.
6. Never laugh derisively at a white person.
7. Never comment upon the appearance of a white female.
However, Jim Crow Laws were far from basic guidelines, they touched on every subject of the normal everyday life. For example, here are some ways it effected everything.
-Barbers. No colored barber shall serve as a barber white girls or women (Georgia).
-Blind Wards. The board of trustees shall maintain a separate building on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race (Louisiana).
-Burial. The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons (Georgia).
-Buses.All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races (Alabama).
-Child Custody. It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro (South Carolina).
-Education.The schools for white children and the schools for colored children shall be conducted separately (Florida).
-Libraries. The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books. (North Carolina).Mental Hospitals. The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together (Georgia).
-Militia. The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available and where whites are permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers (North Carolina).
-Nurses. No person or corporation shall require any White female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed (Alabama).
-Prisons. The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts (Mississippi).
-Reform Schools. The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other (Kentucky).
-Teaching. Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined... (Oklahoma).
-Wine and Beer. All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time (Georgia)
Racial Restrictive Covenant:
This is an agreement among typically Caucasians' stating that the land can't be used by any person that isn't Caucasian. This made things difficult for colored families to find decent housing regardless of what they can afford therefore furthering segregation.
Segregation is the action of setting someone apart from other people or things.
Even after the abolition of slavery, colored people still did not receive the advantages of white people regardless of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The Supreme Court handed down a series of rulings from 1873 to 1883 that they virtually nullified the amendments.
According to a criminal code in 1846 that was in Virginia, if a white person was found to be associating with a colored person for the purpose to teach them to read or write would be imprisoned. There were special colored schools and no matter how far the distance you had to go to a colored school even though other schools may be closer. There was also segregation in schools, public restrooms, churches, transportation, and in any other public facility. The NAACP came into the picture and began to change how colored people were being treated. Then the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, brought in the term "separate but equal". All colored facilities were much below the standards of any white facilities and things were far below "equal".
Jim Crow Laws:
Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens, white men were always superior. Some of the Jim Crow laws were:
1. A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a white male because it implied being socially equal.
2. Obviously, a black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a white woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
3. Blacks and whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
4. Under no circumstance was a black male to offer to light the cigarette of a white female -- that gesture implied intimacy.
5. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended whites.
6. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that blacks were introduced to whites, never whites to blacks.
7. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names.
8. If a black person rode in a car driven by a white person, the black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
9. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
Stetson Kennedy, the author of "Jim Crow Guide" offered a few rules that colored people should always follow:
1. Never assert or even intimate that a white person is lying.
2. Never impute dishonorable intentions to a white person.
3. Never suggest that a white person is from an inferior class.
4. Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence.
5. Never curse a white person.
6. Never laugh derisively at a white person.
7. Never comment upon the appearance of a white female.
However, Jim Crow Laws were far from basic guidelines, they touched on every subject of the normal everyday life. For example, here are some ways it effected everything.
-Barbers. No colored barber shall serve as a barber white girls or women (Georgia).
-Blind Wards. The board of trustees shall maintain a separate building on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race (Louisiana).
-Burial. The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons (Georgia).
-Buses.All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races (Alabama).
-Child Custody. It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro (South Carolina).
-Education.The schools for white children and the schools for colored children shall be conducted separately (Florida).
-Libraries. The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books. (North Carolina).Mental Hospitals. The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together (Georgia).
-Militia. The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available and where whites are permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers (North Carolina).
-Nurses. No person or corporation shall require any White female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed (Alabama).
-Prisons. The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts (Mississippi).
-Reform Schools. The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other (Kentucky).
-Teaching. Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined... (Oklahoma).
-Wine and Beer. All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time (Georgia)
Racial Restrictive Covenant:
This is an agreement among typically Caucasians' stating that the land can't be used by any person that isn't Caucasian. This made things difficult for colored families to find decent housing regardless of what they can afford therefore furthering segregation.
fighting inequality:
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
This case was about racial segregation in schools, black children weren't allowed to sign up and attend predominantly white schools. This case was an advancement in equality because it banned segregation in public schools and was a step closer in equality for colored children.
This case was about racial segregation in schools, black children weren't allowed to sign up and attend predominantly white schools. This case was an advancement in equality because it banned segregation in public schools and was a step closer in equality for colored children.